R405.00 Incl. VAT
The Herbal Libido Supplement is formulated to assist body to balance its hormonal system for optimum working of the regenerative organs and natural sexual desires in both male and females, while improving semen quality and blood flow. The supplement is for both males and females.
This supplement is carefully crafted to encourage and support your body's natural mechanisms related to sexual well-being. By fostering a holistic approach, this supplement aims to contribute to overall sexual health, including aspects of desire, function, and satisfaction.
2-4 x capsules 3x daily
20 minutes before meals.
The product is designed to assist the body to a healthy physical state to enhance sexual health, not instant heightened sexual desire.
Use in conjunction with: Circulation & Heart capsules, for lasting change in cardiovascular support.
Ingredients as traditionally used for this supplement.
Ashwagandha
Basil
Cayenne
Celery
Citrus Bioflavonoids
D-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe)
Fenugreek
Gaba
Garlic
Ginger
Ginseng Panax
Ginkgo Biloba
Horny Goat Weed
Hydrolyzed Collagen
Iron
L-Arginine
L-Carnitine
L-Glutamine
Maca
Mucuna Pruriens
Reishi Mushrooms
Saw Palmetto
Selenium
Tribulus Terrestris
Tongkat Ali
Valerian
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Vitamin E
Wild Oats
Zinc
RESEARCH ON SOME INGREDIENTS
Ingredients which are traditionally used for this disorder
Technical info:
Ashwagandha: Containing active compounds like withanolides, ashwagandha acts as an adaptogen, impacting the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Withanolides influence DHEA production, a precursor to sex hormones, thereby modulating the endocrine system and supporting homeostasis. Ashwagandha's adaptogenic properties influence the stress response and may impact the autonomic nervous system, contributing to improved sexual well-being.
Basil: Rich in eugenol and flavonoids, basil exhibits vasodilatory effects, potentially impacting endothelial function and nitric oxide production. Eugenol, with its anti-inflammatory properties, may contribute to reducing pain associated with Peyronie's disease. The improvement in circulation may positively affect erectile function, and flavonoids may play a role in antioxidant defense.
Cayenne: Capsaicin, the active compound in cayenne, stimulates transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, leading to the release of endorphins. This endorphin release, along with capsaicin's vasodilatory effects, may enhance blood flow and positively influence sexual function. Additionally, capsaicin has anti-inflammatory properties that could impact overall vascular health.
Celery: Androsterone in celery, an analog of testosterone, may interact with olfactory receptors, potentially influencing sexual attraction. The pheromone-triggering effect could involve the limbic system and the hypothalamus, influencing social and sexual behavior. The potential connection between dietary components and neuroendocrine pathways warrants further investigation.
Citrus Bioflavonoids: Flavonoids in citrus bioflavonoids, such as quercetin and hesperidin, contribute to their antioxidant properties. These flavonoids may modulate oxidative stress, protecting vascular endothelium and enhancing nitric oxide availability. Improved endothelial function positively affects blood flow and, subsequently, sexual health.
D-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe): SAMe is a methyl donor involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, impacting mood regulation. The methylation process may influence the availability of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, potentially contributing to the modulation of sexual desire and mood disorders.
Fenugreek: Rich in furostanolic saponins, fenugreek's active compound protodioscin may impact testosterone levels. This influence on androgen levels could modulate sexual desire and function, potentially through interactions with sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and 5-alpha-reductase.
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): GABA, acting as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, may modulate the autonomic nervous system. The calming effect of GABA may influence stress responses and improve blood flow to sexual organs, impacting sexual function and satisfaction.
Garlic: Allicin in garlic, a sulfur-containing compound, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Allicin may influence the endothelium, improving nitric oxide availability and enhancing blood flow. Additionally, garlic's impact on platelet aggregation may contribute to overall cardiovascular health, indirectly influencing sexual function.
Ginger: Gingerol, the active compound in ginger, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Ginger may impact testosterone levels and exhibit potential vasodilatory effects, influencing sexual function. Its anti-inflammatory properties may contribute to overall vascular health and potentially impact erectile function.
Ginseng Panax: Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng influence nitric oxide production and may impact endothelial function. This contributes to improved blood flow and vascular health, positively affecting erectile function. Ginseng's adaptogenic properties may modulate stress responses, impacting overall sexual well-being.
Ginkgo Biloba: Flavonoids and terpenoids in ginkgo biloba exhibit antioxidant effects, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Ginkgo biloba's impact on platelet aggregation and vasodilation contributes to improved blood flow, especially to the genital organs. The antioxidant properties may protect against oxidative stress-related damage to sexual organs and tissues.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium): Icariin, the active compound in horny goat weed, inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), similar to the mechanism of action of sildenafil (Viagra). This inhibition leads to increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow to the penis. Icariin's impact on PDE5 may contribute to enhanced erectile function and satisfaction.
Hydrolysed Collagen: Collagen peptides in hydrolysed collagen provide amino acids crucial for skin and connective tissue integrity. The impact on the extracellular matrix may influence tissue elasticity and support overall structural integrity, contributing to sexual health.
Iron: Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis, impacting oxygen transport and energy production. Adequate iron levels support overall energy levels, including those related to sexual activity. Iron deficiency anemia may result in fatigue and reduced libido, highlighting the importance of iron for sexual well-being.
L-Arginine: As a precursor to nitric oxide (NO), L-arginine influences vasodilation and blood flow. Enhanced NO availability positively impacts erectile function by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. L-arginine's role in endothelial function is crucial for overall cardiovascular health and sexual well-being.
L-Carnitine: L-carnitine supports mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. Its potential role in enhancing the effectiveness of Viagra in men with diabetes may involve improving energy production and utilization, indirectly impacting sexual satisfaction.
L-Glutamine: L-glutamine, as an amino acid, serves as a precursor for neurotransmitters. Its immediate surge in libido may be attributed to its role in neurotransmitter synthesis, influencing pathways related to sexual desire. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms involved.
Maca: Maca contains bioactive compounds like macamides and macaenes, impacting sex hormone levels and mood. Its adaptogenic properties may contribute to stress reduction, positively influencing sexual well-being. Maca's influence on estrogen levels and potential interactions with neurotransmitter pathways warrant further investigation.
Mucuna Pruriens: L-Dopa in mucuna pruriens is a precursor to dopamine, a neurotransmitter influencing mood and reward. Mucuna's potential impact on dopamine levels may contribute to enhanced sexual desire. Additionally, its smooth muscle relaxation properties may counteract erectile dysfunction, possibly through modulation of the nitric oxide pathway.
Reishi Mushrooms: Polysaccharides and triterpenes in reishi mushrooms exhibit adaptogenic and anti-stress effects. By modulating stress responses, reishi mushrooms contribute to overall sexual well-being. The potential impact on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neuroendocrine pathways requires further exploration.
Saw Palmetto: Saw palmetto's impact on sexual function may involve hormonal modulation, potentially influencing testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels. Its support for overall reproductive health may contribute to enhanced sexual satisfaction.
Selenium: Selenium, an essential mineral, acts as an antioxidant, protecting sexual organs from oxidative stress. Selenium's impact on selenoproteins may influence overall sexual health and reproduction. The potential interactions with glutathione peroxidase and other antioxidant pathways warrant further investigation.
Tongkat Ali: Active compounds like eurycomanone in Tongkat Ali may influence testosterone levels through various mechanisms, including modulation of the HPA axis. Tongkat Ali's potential impact on androgen receptors and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) may contribute to enhanced sexual desire and function.
Tribulus Terrestris: Protodioscin in Tribulus terrestris influences testosterone levels and may impact the androgen receptor pathway. Its multifaceted properties, including being an aphrodisiac, analgesic, and astringent, contribute to overall sexual satisfaction. The modulation of the HPA axis and potential interactions with neurotransmitter pathways require further exploration.
Valerian: Valerenic acid in valerian may impact GABA receptors, leading to a calming effect. The immediate heightening of sexual desire may involve interactions with the limbic system and the autonomic nervous system. Valerian's sedative properties may reduce stress and anxiety in sexual situations, indirectly influencing sexual well-being.
Vitamin A: Retinol, as Vitamin A, supports cell differentiation and growth, crucial for sexual organ health. Its impact on epithelial tissue may influence mucosal surfaces, including those related to sexual health.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Niacin's role in raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol supports cardiovascular health. Improved lipid profiles positively impact overall vascular function, crucial for sexual well-being.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Pantothenic acid is involved in coenzyme A synthesis, influencing hormone production. Its impact on steroid hormone synthesis may contribute to libido and overall reproductive health.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Pyridoxine supports neurotransmitter synthesis, including serotonin and dopamine. Its role in mood regulation may indirectly influence sexual desire and satisfaction.
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol): Cholecalciferol increases testosterone levels and modulates the immune system. Its impact on testosterone production may contribute to enhanced sexual function and reproductive health.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Ascorbic acid supports collagen production, vital for sexual organ health and structural integrity. Its antioxidant properties protect against oxidative stress-related damage.
Vitamin E: Tocopherols in Vitamin E provide antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Vitamin E's impact on cellular membranes and lipid peroxidation may contribute to overall reproductive health.
Wild Oats: Avenacosides in wild oats provide a tonic effect on nerve structure, regenerating and strengthening the male reproductive system. Nitric oxide production contributes to penile erection, and potential interactions with neurotransmitter pathways warrant further investigation.
Zinc: Zinc is a crucial cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions, including those related to testosterone production. Its influence on testosterone levels, along with antioxidant properties, positively impacts reproductive health and sexual function. The potential interactions with the HPA axis and androgen receptors require further exploration.
2-4 x capsules 3x daily
20 minutes before meals.
The product is designed to assist the body to a healthy physical state to enhance sexual health, not instant heightened sexual desire.
Use in conjunction with:
Circulation & Heart capsules, for lasting change in cardiovascular support.
What is Libido and how does it work in the body?
The libido process involves a complex interplay of physiological and psychological factors, including hormonal regulation and neural signaling.
Several hormones play a crucial role in influencing sexual desire
The libido process works through a series of steps
Understanding the intricate interplay of these factors provides insight into the dynamic nature of the libido process, highlighting the importance of both psychological and physiological well-being.
What is meant by Sexual Dysfunction?
Sexual dysfunction refers to a range of difficulties or problems that can interfere with an individual’s ability to experience satisfaction or pleasure from sexual activity. This can encompass various issues related to desire, arousal, or the ability to achieve sexual satisfaction. Sexual dysfunction can affect both men and women and may manifest in different forms, such as:
These issues can result from various factors, including physical health conditions, psychological factors (such as stress or anxiety), relationship problems, or side effects of medications. Sexual dysfunction is a common concern.
What is Erectile Dysfunction?
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition characterized by the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. It can affect men of various ages and may occur intermittently or consistently. The causes of erectile dysfunction are diverse and can involve a combination of physical, psychological, and lifestyle factors:
Understanding the diverse causes of ED is crucial for effective management. Seeking guidance from a healthcare professional is essential to identify contributing factors and determine tailored treatment options.
Is it true that Nitric Oxide is important for erectile dysfunction or is it just sales gimmick?
The role of nitric oxide in erectile function is well-established and not merely a sales gimmick. Nitric oxide plays a crucial role in the physiological processes that lead to the relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels within the penis. This relaxation allows for increased blood flow into the erectile tissues, leading to engorgement and firmness necessary for an erection.
Describe the role of nitric oxide in libido and sexual health:
The production of nitric oxide involves the conversion of the amino acid L-arginine into nitric oxide and citrulline through a group of enzymes called nitric oxide synthases (NOS). This process occurs in the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. Additionally, dietary nitrate, found in foods like leafy greens and beets, can be converted into nitric oxide through a separate pathway.
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in libido and sexual health by acting as a signaling molecule that helps regulate various physiological processes involved in sexual function. Its primary functions include:
Lifestyle factors such as regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and adequate sleep can positively influence nitric oxide production. Additionally, certain supplements or medications may be prescribed to enhance nitric oxide levels when needed. Understanding and supporting the role of nitric oxide in sexual health can contribute to a holistic approach to maintaining a satisfying and healthy sex life.
What will happen if this formulation is used by someone using Viagra?
Combining the herbal libido supplement with Viagra (sildenafil) or any other medication for erectile dysfunction can potentially lead to interactions and should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Both the supplement and Viagra influence blood flow and vascular function, and their combined effects could lead to an excessive drop in blood pressure. This may result in dizziness, light-headedness, fainting, or other adverse effects.
Moreover, some ingredients in the herbal supplement, such as Ginkgo Biloba, Ginseng, and L-Arginine, may have vasodilatory effects similar to Viagra, potentially intensifying the impact. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before combining these substances to ensure safety and effectiveness, taking into account individual health conditions and any potential interactions.
The role of the pituitary gland and endocrine system on libido and sexual health:
The pituitary gland and the broader endocrine system play integral roles in regulating libido and overall sexual health by orchestrating the production and release of hormones that influence various aspects of sexual function. Here’s an overview of their roles:
Maintaining hormonal balance is essential for optimal libido, sexual health, and reproductive function. Hormonal imbalances can influence sexual desire, fertility, and overall satisfaction. Consulting healthcare professionals can help address any concerns related to hormonal health, contributing to a comprehensive approach to reproductive and sexual well-being.
The ageing process for both males and females that affect libido and sexual health, including hormones and anatomy:
Anatomy and Sexual Function (Females):
Anatomy and Sexual Function (Males):
Hormonal and Neurotransmitter Changes:
Psychological Factors:
Navigating the complexities of the aging process and its impact on libido and sexual health requires a comprehensive approach. Regular communication with healthcare providers, adoption of a healthy lifestyle, and addressing psychological aspects contribute to maintaining a fulfilling and satisfying sexual life for both males and females.
Ingredients which are traditionally used for this disorder
Technical info:
Ashwagandha: Containing active compounds like withanolides, ashwagandha acts as an adaptogen, impacting the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Withanolides influence DHEA production, a precursor to sex hormones, thereby modulating the endocrine system and supporting homeostasis. Ashwagandha’s adaptogenic properties influence the stress response and may impact the autonomic nervous system, contributing to improved sexual well-being.
Basil: Rich in eugenol and flavonoids, basil exhibits vasodilatory effects, potentially impacting endothelial function and nitric oxide production. Eugenol, with its anti-inflammatory properties, may contribute to reducing pain associated with Peyronie’s disease. The improvement in circulation may positively affect erectile function, and flavonoids may play a role in antioxidant defense.
Cayenne: Capsaicin, the active compound in cayenne, stimulates transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, leading to the release of endorphins. This endorphin release, along with capsaicin’s vasodilatory effects, may enhance blood flow and positively influence sexual function. Additionally, capsaicin has anti-inflammatory properties that could impact overall vascular health.
Celery: Androsterone in celery, an analog of testosterone, may interact with olfactory receptors, potentially influencing sexual attraction. The pheromone-triggering effect could involve the limbic system and the hypothalamus, influencing social and sexual behavior. The potential connection between dietary components and neuroendocrine pathways warrants further investigation.
Citrus Bioflavonoids: Flavonoids in citrus bioflavonoids, such as quercetin and hesperidin, contribute to their antioxidant properties. These flavonoids may modulate oxidative stress, protecting vascular endothelium and enhancing nitric oxide availability. Improved endothelial function positively affects blood flow and, subsequently, sexual health.
D-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe): SAMe is a methyl donor involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, impacting mood regulation. The methylation process may influence the availability of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, potentially contributing to the modulation of sexual desire and mood disorders.
Fenugreek: Rich in furostanolic saponins, fenugreek’s active compound protodioscin may impact testosterone levels. This influence on androgen levels could modulate sexual desire and function, potentially through interactions with sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and 5-alpha-reductase.
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): GABA, acting as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, may modulate the autonomic nervous system. The calming effect of GABA may influence stress responses and improve blood flow to sexual organs, impacting sexual function and satisfaction.
Garlic: Allicin in garlic, a sulfur-containing compound, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Allicin may influence the endothelium, improving nitric oxide availability and enhancing blood flow. Additionally, garlic’s impact on platelet aggregation may contribute to overall cardiovascular health, indirectly influencing sexual function.
Ginger: Gingerol, the active compound in ginger, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Ginger may impact testosterone levels and exhibit potential vasodilatory effects, influencing sexual function. Its anti-inflammatory properties may contribute to overall vascular health and potentially impact erectile function.
Ginseng Panax: Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng influence nitric oxide production and may impact endothelial function. This contributes to improved blood flow and vascular health, positively affecting erectile function. Ginseng’s adaptogenic properties may modulate stress responses, impacting overall sexual well-being.
Ginkgo Biloba: Flavonoids and terpenoids in ginkgo biloba exhibit antioxidant effects, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Ginkgo biloba’s impact on platelet aggregation and vasodilation contributes to improved blood flow, especially to the genital organs. The antioxidant properties may protect against oxidative stress-related damage to sexual organs and tissues.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium): Icariin, the active compound in horny goat weed, inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), similar to the mechanism of action of sildenafil (Viagra). This inhibition leads to increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow to the penis. Icariin’s impact on PDE5 may contribute to enhanced erectile function and satisfaction.
Hydrolysed Collagen: Collagen peptides in hydrolysed collagen provide amino acids crucial for skin and connective tissue integrity. The impact on the extracellular matrix may influence tissue elasticity and support overall structural integrity, contributing to sexual health.
Iron: Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis, impacting oxygen transport and energy production. Adequate iron levels support overall energy levels, including those related to sexual activity. Iron deficiency anemia may result in fatigue and reduced libido, highlighting the importance of iron for sexual well-being.
L-Arginine: As a precursor to nitric oxide (NO), L-arginine influences vasodilation and blood flow. Enhanced NO availability positively impacts erectile function by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. L-arginine’s role in endothelial function is crucial for overall cardiovascular health and sexual well-being.
L-Carnitine: L-carnitine supports mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. Its potential role in enhancing the effectiveness of Viagra in men with diabetes may involve improving energy production and utilization, indirectly impacting sexual satisfaction.
L-Glutamine: L-glutamine, as an amino acid, serves as a precursor for neurotransmitters. Its immediate surge in libido may be attributed to its role in neurotransmitter synthesis, influencing pathways related to sexual desire. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms involved.
Maca: Maca contains bioactive compounds like macamides and macaenes, impacting sex hormone levels and mood. Its adaptogenic properties may contribute to stress reduction, positively influencing sexual well-being. Maca’s influence on estrogen levels and potential interactions with neurotransmitter pathways warrant further investigation.
Mucuna Pruriens: L-Dopa in mucuna pruriens is a precursor to dopamine, a neurotransmitter influencing mood and reward. Mucuna’s potential impact on dopamine levels may contribute to enhanced sexual desire. Additionally, its smooth muscle relaxation properties may counteract erectile dysfunction, possibly through modulation of the nitric oxide pathway.
Reishi Mushrooms: Polysaccharides and triterpenes in reishi mushrooms exhibit adaptogenic and anti-stress effects. By modulating stress responses, reishi mushrooms contribute to overall sexual well-being. The potential impact on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neuroendocrine pathways requires further exploration.
Saw Palmetto: Saw palmetto’s impact on sexual function may involve hormonal modulation, potentially influencing testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels. Its support for overall reproductive health may contribute to enhanced sexual satisfaction.
Selenium: Selenium, an essential mineral, acts as an antioxidant, protecting sexual organs from oxidative stress. Selenium’s impact on selenoproteins may influence overall sexual health and reproduction. The potential interactions with glutathione peroxidase and other antioxidant pathways warrant further investigation.
Tongkat Ali: Active compounds like eurycomanone in Tongkat Ali may influence testosterone levels through various mechanisms, including modulation of the HPA axis. Tongkat Ali’s potential impact on androgen receptors and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) may contribute to enhanced sexual desire and function.
Tribulus Terrestris: Protodioscin in Tribulus terrestris influences testosterone levels and may impact the androgen receptor pathway. Its multifaceted properties, including being an aphrodisiac, analgesic, and astringent, contribute to overall sexual satisfaction. The modulation of the HPA axis and potential interactions with neurotransmitter pathways require further exploration.
Valerian: Valerenic acid in valerian may impact GABA receptors, leading to a calming effect. The immediate heightening of sexual desire may involve interactions with the limbic system and the autonomic nervous system. Valerian’s sedative properties may reduce stress and anxiety in sexual situations, indirectly influencing sexual well-being.
Vitamin A: Retinol, as Vitamin A, supports cell differentiation and growth, crucial for sexual organ health. Its impact on epithelial tissue may influence mucosal surfaces, including those related to sexual health.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Niacin’s role in raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol supports cardiovascular health. Improved lipid profiles positively impact overall vascular function, crucial for sexual well-being.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Pantothenic acid is involved in coenzyme A synthesis, influencing hormone production. Its impact on steroid hormone synthesis may contribute to libido and overall reproductive health.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Pyridoxine supports neurotransmitter synthesis, including serotonin and dopamine. Its role in mood regulation may indirectly influence sexual desire and satisfaction.
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol): Cholecalciferol increases testosterone levels and modulates the immune system. Its impact on testosterone production may contribute to enhanced sexual function and reproductive health.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Ascorbic acid supports collagen production, vital for sexual organ health and structural integrity. Its antioxidant properties protect against oxidative stress-related damage.
Vitamin E: Tocopherols in Vitamin E provide antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Vitamin E’s impact on cellular membranes and lipid peroxidation may contribute to overall reproductive health.
Wild Oats: Avenacosides in wild oats provide a tonic effect on nerve structure, regenerating and strengthening the male reproductive system. Nitric oxide production contributes to penile erection, and potential interactions with neurotransmitter pathways warrant further investigation.
Zinc: Zinc is a crucial cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions, including those related to testosterone production. Its influence on testosterone levels, along with antioxidant properties, positively impacts reproductive health and sexual function. The potential interactions with the HPA axis and androgen receptors require further exploration.
For more technical advice, please contact one of our distributors in your area.
If you are interested in becoming a practitioner, please visit our training website for more information on herbs and their applications.